What does the term "line and staff structure" refer to?

The term "line and staff structure" refers to a hybrid organizational system that integrates two distinct types of roles: line functions and staff functions. In this structure, line functions represent the core activities of the organization that are directly involved in achieving its primary objectives. These positions typically have direct authority and responsibility over operations, such as production or sales.

On the other hand, staff functions provide specialized knowledge, support, and expertise to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the line functions. These roles often include positions in human resources, finance, legal, and other areas that require specialized skills to advise and support the line managers in their duties.

This combination allows organizations to maintain control and clear operational direction through the line authority while also leveraging the expertise of the staff to inform decision-making and provide necessary support. Thus, the line and staff structure facilitates a more responsive and knowledgeable approach to management, enabling organizations to adapt and thrive in complex environments.